垄作稻鱼鸡共生对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响

为了探究水稻垄作栽培和稻鱼鸡共生模式的结合对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响，在总结前人垄作栽培、稻鱼和稻鸡共生模式的研究基础上，提出了水稻垄作栽培养鸡养鱼的种养结合技术，通过设计常规水稻垄作栽培(CK)、水稻垄作养鱼(RF)、水稻垄作养鸡(RC)和水稻垄作养鸡养鱼(RFC)的田间对比试验，研究了不同垄作稻鱼鸡共生模式下的水稻群体生长特性和产量形成。结果表明：与CK处理相比，2年中RFC和RC处理的水稻平均产量能够维持稳定，平均有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重虽有差异，但均未达到显著性差异；RF处理水稻产量、有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重平均降幅分别为29.98%、19.70%、484%、3.99%和5.74%，且均达到显著性水平。2年中RFC、RC处理的茎、叶和穗的干物质平均积累量与CK处理整体不存在显著差异，但较RF处理均显著增加。RFC、RC和CK处理水稻茎和叶在齐穗前干物质积累量显著高于RF处理，平均增幅分别为56.23%、50.66%和54.15%，齐穗后干物质积累量的降幅慢于RF处理，并且维持叶面积指数在较高水平，平均增幅为41.38%、38.35%和38.23%。2年中RFC、RC和CK处理较RF处理均具有较高的群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势，其中群体生长速率增幅分别为77.94%、70.29%和7669%，净同化率为40.07%、39.47%和38.87%，光合势为38.39%、35.49%和35.94%，进而为稻穗积累更多的干物质量和产量的形成奠定基础。综上可知，垄作稻鱼鸡共生和垄作稻鸡共生利于水稻的干物质积累及叶面积指数、群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势的提高，进而保证水稻产量稳定。     

湖北省福寿螺分布调查

对湖北省福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)分布地区进行了调查,并确认福寿螺在湖北省的北缘分布地区为宜昌市夷陵区黄柏河—远安县洋坪镇(凤凰村)—荆州市沙市区八岭山镇(童桥村)—潜江市渔洋镇(排湾村)—孝感市孝南区三汊河镇(龙岗村)—武汉市黄陂区前川街(下石村)—英山县红山镇(东汤河村)一线,纬度30°~31°,其中最北端分布地区为远安县洋坪镇,东经111°34′57.97″,北纬31°11′3.36″。湖北省福寿螺分布地区的立地条件均同时具备一定深度水体(深10 cm以上)和一定深度的淤泥(深10 cm以上),且可能覆盖度较高的水生植被更有利于福寿螺越冬。讨论了福寿螺对环境的适应能力和福寿螺北缘分布地区继续北移扩展的可能性问题。长江上游地区及湖南省福寿螺资源不仅增加湖北省福寿螺为害风险,而且增加湖北省福寿螺的防控压力。     

永州地区早春大棚甜瓜新品种引进比较试验

为筛选出适宜永州地区早春大棚种植的甜瓜新品种,通过随机区组设计,对6个参试甜瓜品种进行比较。试验结果表明,脆禧表现为早熟,一品红、玉菇生育期与CK(雪峰蜜2号)接近,3个品种均表现高产,且商品性、口感、含糖量较优,因此认为脆禧、一品红、玉菇这3个品种适宜在湖南永州地区推广种植。     

基于UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS的不同产地普洱生茶化学成分差异研究

为了更加全面地了解产地对普洱生茶品质与化学成分的影响,本研究选取来自临沧市、普洱市、西双版纳州三大产区12个茶山(自然村)的普洱生茶样品,采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS)对不同产地普洱生茶的非挥发性代谢物表型进行了研究。结果表明:不同产地普洱生茶的化学成分在含量上具有较大差异,且具有明显的产地特征。采用主成分分析,可以对来自西双版纳自治州(包括勐腊县、勐海县、景洪市)、普洱市、临沧市3个地级行政区的普洱生茶进行有效区分,也可以对来自普洱茶产区的东南、西南、西北3个区域的普洱生茶进行有效区分。进一步鉴定了普洱生茶中79种主要成分,并对其在12个茶山(自然村)的普洱生茶中的含量分布,以及与不同产地普洱生茶滋味品质的关系进行了分析。本研究表明,基于UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS的茶叶非挥发性化学成分轮廓可以作为普洱生茶产地判别的依据。     

Evidence of clandestine harvest and failure of conservation policies for Argopecten purpuratus in the Rinconada Marine Reserve (Chile)

1. The study of Argopecten purpuratus reproduction, post‐larval settlement, stock size, and population size structure and shell growth was undertaken in the 2000s in the Rinconada marine reserve (Chile) to evaluate the effectiveness of scallop recruitment and self‐sustainability.
2. The results highlight strong seasonal and inter‐annual variations of environmental conditions and scallop gonadosomatic index, spat collection, benthic distribution, total abundance and population size structure.
3. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L_∞ = 120.12 mm and K = 0.9681; commercial size would be reached in about 17.2 months in the bay. Substrate availability, meteorological conditions, hydrodynamics and illegal harvesting explain spatial and temporal variations in scallop distribution and abundance.
4. Recruitment strength depends on one main cohort from year to year. While recruitment made up 81% and 94% of total abundances in May 2002 and May 2003, respectively, there were no overall density‐dependent relationships between stock size and recruitment. Spawning asynchrony in the bay supports the hypothesis that multiple gamete releases form part of a reproductive strategy in response to environmental variability.
5. The massive disappearance of large‐sized scallops during the study periods was direct evidence of overfishing owing to clandestine harvesting within the marine reserve. The failure of current legislation, strategies and policies for scallop conservation requires new regulations to restore scallop stock size, maintain its reproductive performance and limit illegal harvesting in the Rinconada.
6. A scenario allowing harvesting regulated by stock‐dependent fishing quotas would more efficiently ensure stock recovery and self‐sustainability. The modalities of this new policy are discussed.

     

五指山耕地土壤养分现状调查与评价

为了明确海南山区耕地土壤养分空间分布特征，为热带山区耕地土壤养分管理提供思路。以海南五指山市耕地为研究对象，采用野外调查、采样和室内分析相结合的方法，阐述土壤养分现状，探讨其土壤养分分布规律。结果表明：五指山耕地土壤总体呈酸性，其pH值为5.1；土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和中量元素(钙、镁、硫)含量均为中等或偏下水平，土壤有效铜和有效锌含量较为丰富。五指山耕地土壤酸化和养分含量分布不均主要与气候、母质分布和施肥不平衡有关。     

黑龙江省国有林区脆弱异质性家庭对停伐政策的态度及影响因素研究

基于2016年黑龙江省重点国有林区348户家庭的微观调查数据,实证分析黑龙江省国有林区脆弱异质性家庭对停伐政策的态度及影响因素。采用因子分析与综合评价法将348户职工家庭分为脆弱性家庭和非脆弱性家庭,描述性分析2组样本家庭对停伐政策的态度及认知情况,利用多元有序logit模型分析脆弱性与非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策态度的影响因素。结果表明:非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的了解程度及执行情况的评价均高于脆弱性家庭,脆弱性家庭相对非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的认可度较高,但是应对风险冲击的能力相对较低。脆弱性家庭和非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的态度受户主特征、家庭特征以及政策认知特征变量的显著影响,但脆弱性家庭变量参数估计绝对值相对更大,因而停伐政策对脆弱性家庭有着更为敏感和强烈的冲击。     

Examining horizontal and vertical social ties to achieve social–ecological fit in an emerging marine reserve network

1. Most MPA networks are designed only with ecological processes in mind to increase their conservation utility. However, since MPA networks often involve large geographic areas, they also affect and involve multiple actors, institutions, and policy sectors.
2. A key challenge when establishing an effective MPA network is to align the ‘social system’ with the biophysical MPA network (the ‘ecological system’). This challenge is often denoted as ‘social–ecological fit’.
3. Facilitating collaborative social interactions among various actors and stakeholders (social connectivity) is equally as important as accomplishing ecological connectivity. New analytical approaches are required to effectively examine this ‘social’ dimension of fit.
4. An emerging marine reserve network in Jamaica and the recent invasion of Indo‐Pacific lionfish are used as a case study to: (1) examine the extent to which horizontal and vertical social ties bring local and national actors together to collaborate, coordinate, and share knowledge; and (2) assess the extent to which different attributes and features of such multilevel social networks may enhance or inhibit particular aspects of social–ecological fit.
5. Findings suggest that multilevel linkages have played the greatest role in relation to enhancing fit in the marine reserve network in the context of the recent lionfish invasion. However, the long‐term propensity of the multi‐actor and multilevel networks to enhance social–ecological fit is uncertain given the prevalence of weak social ties, lack of a culture of information sharing and collaboration, and limited financial resources.

     

我国特大城市建成区土地集约利用研究

运用因子分析法对我国16个特大城市建成区的土地集约利用水平进行综合评价和排序.结果表明：我国特大城市建成区土地集约利用效率呈现总体水平偏低、地区差异明显及各大城市影响因素侧重点不同等3大特征.因此,需合理调整各大城市产业结构,以促进城市经济可持续发展;积极开展城市土地整理,以提高土地利用效率;加大城市生态环境保护力度,以优化土地利用生态效益.     

中国玉米市场形势分析与未来10年展望

2013年,中国玉米产量再创新高,消费需求相对低迷,进出口同比下降,供求关系较为宽松,价格总体弱势运行。预计未来10年,中国玉米生产继续稳步增长,消费需求增速较快但将明显放缓,价格总体继续上涨,玉米进口将进一步扩大。最后,指出影响未来玉米市场走势的因素主要包括气象、政策、贸易以及通胀、汇率等不确定性因素。